前提准备
安装pygame
在终端提示符下执行如下命令:
$ python -m pip install --user pygame
该命令让python运行pip模块,将pygame包添加到当前用户的python安装中
代码总览
完整代码
注:不用管_pycache_中的代码,运行后会自动生成
images文件夹
alien和ship两个位图
alien_invasion.py
import sys
from time import sleep
import pygame
from pygame.constants import FULLSCREEN
from settings import Settings
from game_stats import GameStats
from scoreboard import Scoreboard
from button import Button
from ship import Ship
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
class AlienInvasion:
"""管理游戏资源和行为的类"""
def __init__(self):
""""初始化游戏并创建游戏资源"""
pygame.init()
self.settings = Settings()
self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((0, 0), pygame.FULLSCREEN)
self.settings.screen_width = self.screen.get_rect().width
self.settings.screen_height = self.screen.get_rect().height
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
#创建存储游戏统计信息的案例
#并创建记分牌
self.stats = GameStats(self)
self.sb = Scoreboard(self)
#创建一个用于存储游戏统计信息的实例
self.ship = Ship(self)
self.bullets = pygame.sprite.Group()
self.aliens = pygame.sprite.Group()
self._create_fleet()
#创建Play按钮
self.play_button = Button(self,"Play")
#设置背景色
def run_game(self):
"""开始游戏的主循环"""
while True:
self._check_events()
if self.stats.game_active:
self.ship.update()
self._update_bullets()
self._update_aliens()
self._update_screen()
def _check_events(self):
"""响应按键和鼠标事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
self._check_keydown_events(event)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
self._check_keyup_events(event)
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
mouse_pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
self._check_play_button(mouse_pos)
def _check_play_button(self,mouse_pos):
"""在玩家单击Play按钮时开始新游戏"""
button_clicked = self.play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_pos)
if button_clicked and not self.stats.game_active:
#重置游戏设置
self.settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()
#重置游戏统计信息
self.stats.reset_stats()
self.stats.game_active =True
self.sb.prep_score()
self.sb.prep_level()
self.sb.prep_ships()
#清空余下的外星人和子弹
self.aliens.empty()
self.bullets.empty()
#创建一群新的外星人并让飞船居中
self._create_fleet()
self.ship.center_ship()
#隐藏鼠标光标
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
def _check_keydown_events(self,event):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
self.ship.moving_right=True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
self.ship.moving_left=True
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
self._fire_bullet()
def _check_keyup_events(self,event):
"""响应松开"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
self.ship.moving_right =False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
self.ship.moving_left =False
def _fire_bullet(self):
"""创建一颗新子弹并将其加入编组bullets中"""
if len(self.bullets) < self.settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(self)
self.bullets.add(new_bullet)
def _update_bullets(self):
"""更新子弹的位置并删除消失的子弹"""
#更新子弹的位置
self.bullets.update()
#删除消失的子弹
for bullet in self.bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
self.bullets.remove(bullet)
self._check_bullet_alien_collisions()
def _check_bullet_alien_collisions(self):
"""响应子弹和外星人碰撞"""
#删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(
self.bullets,self.aliens,True,True)
if collisions:
for aliens in collisions.values():
self.stats.score += self.settings.alien_points * len(aliens)
self.sb.prep_score()
self.sb.check_high_score()
if not self.aliens:
#删除现有的子弹并新建一群外星人
self.bullets.empty()
self._create_fleet()
self.settings.increase_speed()
#提高等级
self.stats.level+=1
self.sb.prep_level()
def _ship_hit(self):
"""响应飞船被外星人撞到"""
if self.stats.ships_left >0:
#将ships_left减1并更新记分牌
self.stats.ships_left -= 1
self.sb.prep_ships()
#清空余下的外星人和子弹
self.aliens.empty()
self.bullets.empty()
#创建一群新的外星人,并将飞船放到屏幕底端的中央
self._create_fleet()
self.ship.center_ship()
#暂停
sleep(0.5)
else:
self.stats.game_active = False
pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
def _update_aliens(self):
"""检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘,并更新整群外星人的位置"""
"""更新外星人群中所有外星人的位置"""
self._check_fleet_edges()
self.aliens.update()
#检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(self.ship,self.aliens):
self._ship_hit()
#检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端
self._check_aliens_bottom()
def _check_aliens_bottom(self):
"""检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端"""
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
for alien in self.aliens.sprites():
if alien.rect.bottom >=screen_rect.bottom:
#像飞船被撞到一样处理
self._ship_hit()
break
def _create_fleet(self):
"""创建外星人群"""
#创建一个外星人
alien = Alien(self)
alien_width,alien_height = alien.rect.size
available_space_x = self.settings.screen_width - (2*alien_width)
number_alien_x = available_space_x // (2*alien_width)
#计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人
ship_height = self.ship.rect.height
available_space_y = (self.settings.screen_height-(3*alien_height)-ship_height)
number_rows = available_space_y //(2*alien_height)
#创建外星人群
for row_number in range(number_rows):
for alien_number in range(number_alien_x):
self._create_alien(alien_number,row_number)
def _create_alien(self,alien_number,row_number):
alien = Alien(self)
alien_width, alien_height = alien.rect.size
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2*alien.rect.height* row_number
self.aliens.add(alien)
def _check_fleet_edges(self):
"""有外星人到达边缘时采取相应的措施"""
for alien in self.aliens.sprites():
if alien.check_edges():
self._change_fleet_direction()
break
def _change_fleet_direction(self):
"""将整群外星人下移,并改变他们的方向"""
for alien in self.aliens.sprites():
alien.rect.y +=self.settings.fleet_drop_speed
self.settings.fleet_direction *= -1
def _update_screen(self):
"""更新屏幕上的图像,并切换到新屏幕"""
self.screen.fill(self.settings.bg_color)
self.ship.blitme()
for bullet in self.bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
self.aliens.draw(self.screen)
#显示得分
self.sb.show_score()
#如果游戏处于非活动状态,就绘制Play按钮
if not self.stats.game_active:
self.play_button.draw_button()
pygame.display.flip()
if __name__== '__main__':
#创建游戏实例并运行游戏
ai=AlienInvasion()
ai.run_game()
alien.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
"""表示单个外星人的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_game):
"""初始化外星人并设置其初始位置"""
super().__init__()
self.screen = ai_game.screen
self.settings = ai_game.settings
#加载外星人图像并设置其rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
#每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
#存储外星人的精确水平位置
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
def check_edges(self):
"""如果外星人位于屏幕边缘,就返回True"""
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right or self.rect.left <=0:
return True
def update(self):
"""向右移动外星人"""
self.x +=(self.settings.alien_speed*self.settings.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x = self.x
bullet.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
"""管理飞船所发射子弹的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_game):
"""在飞船当前位置创建一个子弹对象"""
super().__init__()
self.screen = ai_game.screen
self.settings = ai_game.settings
self.color = self.settings.bullet_color
#在(0,0)处创建一个表示子弹的矩形,在设置正确的位置
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,self.settings.bullet_width,
self.settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.midtop = ai_game.ship.rect.midtop
#存储用小数表示的子弹位置
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
def update(self):
"""向上表示子弹"""
#更新表示子弹位置的小数值
self.y -= self.settings.bullet_speed
#更新表示子弹的rect的位置
self.rect.y = self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
"""在屏幕上绘制子弹"""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)
button.py
import pygame.font
class Button:
def __init__(self,ai_game,msg):
"""初始化按钮的属性"""
self.screen = ai_game.screen
self.screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
#设置按钮的尺寸和其他属性
self.width,self.height = 200,50
self.button_color = (0,255,0)
self.text_color = (255,255,255)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)
#创建按钮的rect对象,并使其居中
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center
#按钮的标签只需创建一次
self._prep_msg(msg)
def _prep_msg(self,msg):
"""将msg渲染为图像,并使其在按钮上居中"""
self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg,True,self.text_color,
self.button_color)
self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center
def draw_button(self):
#绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮,在绘制文本
self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
self.screen.blit(self.msg_image,self.msg_image_rect)
game_stats.py
class GameStats:
"""跟踪游戏的统计信息"""
def __init__(self,ai_game):
"""初始化统计信息"""
self.settings = ai_game.settings
self.reset_stats()
#游戏刚启动时处于活动状态
self.game_active = False
#任何情况下都不会重置最高得分
self.high_score = 0
def reset_stats(self):
"""初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
self.ships_left = self.settings.ship_limit
self.score = 0
self.level = 1
scoreboard.py
import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group
from ship import Ship
class Scoreboard:
"""显示得分信息的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_game):
"""初始化显示得分涉及的属性"""
self.ai_game = ai_game
self.screen = ai_game.screen
self.screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
self.settings = ai_game.settings
self.stats = ai_game.stats
#显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
self.text_color = (30,30,30)
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)
#准备包括最高得分和当前得分的图像
self.prep_score()
self.prep_high_score()
self.prep_level()
self.prep_ships()
def prep_score(self):
"""将得分转换为一幅渲染的图像"""
rounded_score = round(self.stats.score,-1)
score_str="{:,}".format(rounded_score)
self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str,True,
self.text_color,self.settings.bg_color)
#在屏幕右上角显示得分
self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
self.score_rect.top =20
def prep_high_score(self):
"""将最高分转换为渲染的图像"""
high_score = round(self.stats.high_score,-1)
high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score)
self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str,True,
self.text_color,self.settings.bg_color)
#将最高得分放在屏幕顶部中央
self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
self.high_score_rect.centerx =self.screen_rect.centerx
self.high_score_rect.top =self.score_rect.top
def prep_level(self):
"""将等级转换为渲染的图像"""
level_str = str(self.stats.level)
self.level_image = self.font.render(level_str,True,
self.text_color,self.settings.bg_color)
#将等级放在得分下方
self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right
self.level_rect.top =self.score_rect.bottom + 10
def prep_ships(self):
"""显示还余下多少飞船"""
self.ships = Group()
for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
ship = Ship(self.ai_game)
ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width
ship.rect.y = 10
self.ships.add(ship)
def check_high_score(self):
"""检查是否诞生了新的最高得分"""
if self.stats.score > self.stats.high_score:
self.stats.high_score = self.stats.score
self.prep_high_score()
def show_score(self):
"""在屏幕上显示得分、等级和余下的飞船数"""
self.screen.blit(self.score_image,self.score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image,self.high_score_rect)
self.screen.blit(self.level_image,self.level_rect)
self.ships.draw(self.screen)
settings.py
class Settings():
"""存储游戏《外星人入侵》中所有设置的类"""
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏的静态设置"""
#屏幕设置
self.screen_width=1200
self.screen_height=800
self.bg_color = (230,230,230)
#飞船设置
self.ship_limit = 3
#子弹设置
self.bullet_width =3
self.bullet_height=15
self.bullet_color = (60,60,60)
self.bullets_allowed = 3
#外星人设置
self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
#fleet_direction为1表示向右移,为-1表示向左移
self.fleet_direction = 1
#加快游戏的节奏
self.speedup_scale = 1.1
#外星人分数的提高速度
self.score_scale = 1.5
self.initialize_dynamic_settings()
def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
"""初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置"""
self.ship_speed = 1.5
self.bullet_speed = 3.0
self.alien_speed = 1.0
#fleet_direction 为1表示向右,为-1表示向左
self.fleet_direction = 1
#记分
self.alien_points = 50
def increase_speed(self):
"""提高速度设置和外星人分数"""
self.ship_speed *= self.speedup_scale
self.bullet_speed *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_speed *= self.speedup_scale
self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)
ship.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Ship(Sprite):
"""管理飞船的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_game):
"""初始化飞船并设置其初始位置"""
super().__init__()
self.screen = ai_game.screen
self.settings = ai_game.settings
self.screen_rect =ai_game.screen.get_rect()
#加载飞船图像并获取其外接矩形
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
#对于每艘新飞船,都将其放在屏幕底部的中央
self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom
#在飞船的属性x中存储小数值
self.x=float(self.rect.x)
#移动标志
self.moving_right =False
self.moving_left = False
def update(self):
"""根据移动标志调整飞船位置"""
#更新飞船而不是rect对象的x值
if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
self.x += self.settings.ship_speed
if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
self.x -= self.settings.ship_speed
#根据self.x更新rect对象
self.rect.x = self.x
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制飞船"""
self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
def center_ship(self):
"""让飞船在屏幕底端居中"""
self.rect.midbottom = self.screen_rect.midbottom
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
写在最后
在最后debug的过程中,刚开始都是一些小小的拼写错误,可到最后程序能正常运行的时候却出现了分数、等级不能正常增加,飞船数在碰撞后不能正常减少的问题,我花了两天时间搜遍了几乎所有的资料,然后与源代码文件比对了很长时间,也没发现是哪的错误。直到最后,一次偶然我发现在alien_invasion.py中的init方法里我多敲了一遍self.stats = GameStats(self)
,我抱着试一试的态度把它删掉,结果发现都变得正常了。之前与源代码对比的时候,因为觉得init方法应该不会出现什么问题,毕竟能正常运行,而且在其他的语言中多定义一次也大差不差,所以就没怎么注意。现在虽然找出了问题所在,然而却仍不知道为什么多敲一遍会导致这样的错误,如果有人看到了这篇文章,并且知道这个原因的话,希望可以留言告诉我。